Environmental Risk Agriculture Production(wax soo saarka beeraha ee halista degaanka )

 INRODUCTION

Environmental Risk in Agriculture refers to various that threat the stability and proactivity of farm system.

These risk include climate change , soil degradation ,water scarcity ,biodiversity  loss all which can disrupt agriculture process ,reduce crop yields, and comprise food security 

Again 

Environment risk in agriculture production refers to various natural and induce factor that can negatively impact farming activity and crop yield. 

Environment risk agriculture production refers to the potential  negative impact of agriculture activity on environment  which can  subsequently 

Environment risk management is critical component of sustainable agriculture production .

as global population continues to grow the demand for food and agriculture products increase putting pressure on the environment agriculture activities can significant  environment impacts  

lets look  climate change and biodiversity  

climate for instance can lead  unpredictable  weather pattern , more frequency extreme events  such drought , or flood ,and  changes on growing season .

soil degradation  can cause  nutrient depletion and contamination , reduce the fertility the land , making it hard to sustain productive agriculture .

water scarcity  exacerbated by over extraction pollution and change prediction pattern ,limit the availability of this crucial resource for irrigation

the loss biodiversity , due to habitat destruction and overuse of  chemical  input like pesticide and fertilizers , can disrupt ecosystem and reduce resilience of a agriculture system to pest and disease .

Pollution agriculture runoff , include  pesticide and herbicide and fertilizers  can contaminate water bodies ,harm aquatic life reducing the quality of water available for ethers uses

   Factor Effect environment risk agriculture production  

   Several factor influence environment risk.

   Here's break of key

• Climate change 
• Soil health 
• Water resource  
• many others  

Let us break down some of these factor

first factor

 1.Climate change

  1:1 Impact crop  growth and development 

Optimal  temperature range: Each  species  has specific temperature  range with in which it grows best.

temperature  below or above this range can go slow down or accelerate growth,

affect flowering g and fruits and ultimate  impact   yield

  1:2 Germination and seed growth

  

temperature  affect the rate of seed germination and establishment of seedling . 

extremely low or high temperature can hinder germination ,leading poor crop

stand and reduce yield 

 

  2. Effect extreme temperature

   

    2:1  heat stress :

 high temperature especially during critical growth stages like flowering and grain

can cause heat stress in plant.

This can lead to reduce photosynthesis , poor pollination ,lower grain weight , and in severe 

cases complete  crop failure 

 2:2 Thermal Time : 

Temperature influence the create at which crops  progress through their growth  stage, concept known as thermal time or growing days(GDD). inconsistent temperature can disrupt this progression , causing crops to mature too late or too early  which affect both yield and quality 

3. Impact  On Crop Yield

 3;1Yield Reduction :

 both heat stress and  cold stress can significantly reduce crop yield.

for instance temperature above 35c  during the stage flowering can reduce yield of crop

like rice, maize by cause  poor grain set and smaller grain  

4. Disease  influence 

 4:1pulation Dynamic :

Temperature change can alter the cycles and population dynamic pest .

warmer temperature may accelerate the development of pest ,leading more frequent severe infestation.

4:2 Disease Pressure : 

many plant pathogen , include fungi ,bacteria and virus are temperature sensitive .

warmer temperature can create favorable condition for the certain disease 

 5. Impact  On Water Use Efficiency 

5:1 Evapotranspiration :

Evapotranspiration temperature direct affect evapotranspiration  ,which  is combined loss of water from soil(evaporation ) and plant (transpiration)

5:2 Irrigation Requirement

 Irrigation requirement :As temperature rise the need for irrigation increase to meet the higher water demand of crop. this can strain water resources , particular  area water availability is already limit .

 6.Climate  Change  And Temperature  And Variability

 6:1   Shifts In Growing Season 

 6:2   Geographical Shifts in Agriculture 

Shifts in growing seasons; climate change is causing shifts growing season ,with warmer temperature leading to early planting dates and in some cases , shorter growing season .

this can affect crop productivity as certain crop may have not sufficient time to reach mature.

Geographical shifts in agriculture : As temperature rise ,the suitable growing region for many crops are shifting.

   Adaptatation Strategy

  7:1  Breading For Temperature Tolerance 

  7:2   Adjusting Planting Date

Breading for temperature tolerance : Developing crop variety that are more resilient to temperature extreme is a key adaptation strategy

Adjusting plant dates: Farmer can adjust planting harvesting date avoid the most extreme temperature during  sensitive growth stage.

for example , planting earlier in the season might help crop avoid the peak of summer heat.

8. Regional Implication 

8:1  Tropical Region 

8:2  Temperate Region 

 

Tropical Region: In tropical region temperature are already high ,further due climate change can pushing temperature beyond the tolerance limit of many crops leading to significant  yield reduction.

Temperate Region: Rising temperature may initially benefit some crop but extending growing season ,but the long tern effect cloud include  increase water stress and greater pressure from pest and disease

     

                                                     HORDHAC

Markaan ka hadlayno khatarta degaan beeraha waxaa saameen ku leh dhicanyo kala duwan midaas oo ay kow ka noqonayso 

Isbadalka cimilda

Caafimaad qabka ciida 

khayraaadka biyaha

Cayayaanka iyo cudurka 

iyo kuwa kale oo badan 

Balse waxaan  qormooyin ka qori doonaa isbadalka cimilada(sida oo kale la xiriirinayna dhinca degaan beerha iyo khatarta wax soo saarineed) inkasta oo aysan ay macquul ahayn inaan inaan ku soo koobno qormadaan ama qorymooyin  kale waayo waa qormooyin badan kuwaas oo baaxad weyn leh laga qoray buugaan badan  balse waxaan idin la wadaagi doonaa qaybo yar kuwaas oo kor xusan juna qoran luqada qalaad (English) inkasta oo qormooyin sare la xirriraan khatarta degaanka beeraha.

Isbadalka cimilada - waa mid aan la saadaalin karin sida oo kalena sababi kara khasaaro faro badan si xowli ah ku dhaca midaas oo ay adag tahay in laga soo kabsado ama laga soo kaco waayo isbadalka cimilida  saameen kuma yeesho beeraha kaliya  sida oo kale waxa uu waxyeelo ku reebi karaan degaanka.

tusaale ahaan 

Roobabka 

Abaarta 

Roobabka- faraha badan oo ay ka dhasho daadka kaliya ma wax yeeleeyaan beeraha sida oo kale waxa ay wax yeelo u geystaan deagaanka hadi ay noqon lahayd nabaad guurka ciida iyo nafaqada midaas oo qiimo weyn ugu fadhida degaaanka ama khaasantan beero lahayda 

Abaarta - kaliya abaarta joogtada ah ama mida soo noqnoqta badanaa way wax yeelo u geestaan degaanka sida oo kale beero layda balse marki aan ka hadlayno  degaanka waxay in badan saameyn kartaa  xoolaha oo qayb ka ah beeraha sida oo kale bulshada meshan ku nool oo laga yaab inay biyo la aan soo wajahdo.

khatarta degaaanka

Labada jeexintaan  ayaan ku soo koobaynaa  inkasta oo ay jiran kuwo kale

Khatarta degaanka waxaa loola jedaa - kala duwaanan shaha khatarta midaas oo xasilooni daro abuuri karta ,saameyna ku yeelan karta firfircoonaanta beeraha 

Khatarta degaanka waxaa loola jedaa- habsami u socodka degaanka inay khatar ku timaado midaas oo sababi karta inay timaado hoos u dhac wax soosaarid  iyo mid dhaqaale. 

1. Isbadalka Cimilida

1.1 Isbadalka cimilida saameynta uu ku yeelan koritaanka dalaga iyo horumarka-miro kasta waxa ay leyihiin heerkul ukhas ah midaas  oo ku haboon  karta korniimaadkooda  si uu u soo bixiyo miro qurux badan iyo kuwo tayo fiican leh.

miraha - sida oo kale wey ku kala duwan yihin  heerkulka ay ku kala baxaan ,tusaale ahaan miraha qaar waxa ay u bixi karaan dhulka kulul halke kuwo kale ay ku bixi karaan dhulka qabow halke kuwa kale ay ku bixi karaan labada midkood ama labada midna.

1.2 biqilka(dilaacanka mirta) iyo koritaanka abuurka- heerkulku waxa uu saameyn ku yeeshaa xiliga ay  miraha korayaan khasatan xiliga hore ay mirtu soo baxayso hadi ay ku dhacaan cadceed  (kuleyl badan) faro  badan waxa joogsanaaya  korniimaadka mirta midaas oo khasaaro  ku ah beerta  wayo hadi uu korniimaadka joogsado waxaa dib u dhac ku imaanaya xiliga la filaayey in uu gurto miraha midaas oo laga yaabo dhaqale ahaan inay saameyso qofka beero layda ah wayo xiliga suuqa ayaa uu dib ugu dhackaga yimi wax soo sarkisa iyo xiliga saxda ahaa ee suuqa looga baahna wayo waxa laga yaabaa inuu tartarka badan yahay  

2 Saamaynta heerkulka daran.

2.1 Cadaadiska kuleyka - heerkulka faraha badan waxa uu saameeyaa miraha midaas oo sabab u noqonkarta   miraha kori waayaan ama ay soo haadiyan   bixitaanka ubaxa waliba ama  mirtu ay ka dib dhadco waqtigu ay soo bixi lahayd ama waqtigii ay noqon lahayd in mirta goosashada.

2.2 waqtiga kuleylka -heerku waxa uu saameyn ku yeeshaa dalagayada  kala duwan bixitan kooda iyo korniimaadkooda baahineed. heerku waxa uu wax u dhimi  karaa mirta ay ka soo daahdo xiliga lagu talo galay inay ku soo qaan gaarto ama ku ubax bixiso .

3  Wax soo saarka dalaga iyo saamaynta ay leeadahay

3.1 dhimista(yareynta) wax soo saarka - labada dhinac kuleyka iyo qaboyga  waxa ay saameen u yeeshaan korniimaadka mirta marka uu dhacayo isbadal dhinaca cimilada  sida oo kale waxa sababi kara uu yaraado wax soosarkaga qaabdhismeed ciida iyo nafaqada loogu talo galay mirta iyo baxaada dhulka iyo habka loo diyaariyo.

 wax soo sarku   inuu yaraado waxaaa sababi kara   curud beerta ka dilaaca midkaas oo burburin kara miraha soo baxaya  sida oo kalena si dhaqso ah ku fidaaya waxa laga yaaba inuu mararka qaar saameyn weyn ku yeelan karo xiliga wax soo saarineed. 

4  Saameynta cudurka

4.2 Cadaadiskka cudurka- cudurada qaar waxa ay ku faafi karaan xolwi sare waayo aan ay ugu ugu nugul yihin inay ka falgalaan heerka kul iyo heer qabowba mid ka mid  hadi lehaan wa fidikaraan waqti yar oo koban  marka waxa ay u saahan yihin taxadar gooni ah inoo yeesho sida bacteria ama virus .

5 waxtarka isticmaalka biyaha iyo saameynta 

5.2 Shuruudaha waraabka - goorma ayaa loo baahan yahay in beerta la waraabiyo ,dabcan markasta beerta  waraabin way u baahan tahay  balse waxa jira mararka qaar inay  baahi gooni u qabto   khasatan marka ay cimilida kulushahay  ama heerkulku sareeyo  wayo ciidu waxa ay sameyn uumi bax badan halka mirtuna u baahan tahay biyo ku filan. dabcan qodobada way badan yihin lakin waa tusale kaliya 

6 Isbadalka cimilda iyo Helitaanka heer kulka

6.1 Isbadalka xilayada iyo kornimaadka- isbadalka cimilada waa midka ka dhasha  xilyada kala duwan  sanadka  sida xiliga abaaraha ,xiliga kuleylka xili qabowbaha sidaaas oo kale wax soo sarkooda wey ku kala duwan yihin weyna ku kala astaam duwan yihin  waxana jira  qorshe ay  beerolaydu laga faa iidaysaan wax soo sarka xiliydaas kala duwan iyaga oo raacaaya qaabshismeedka beertooda iyo midka beeritaan ee xiliyada kala duwan. si ay ugu fogaaadaan wax yeelo ka soo gaarta isbadalka cimilda . inkasta wax yeeladaa cimilada adag tahay in la saadaaliyo  balse feejignaana gooninada ah waxa ay yareynaysaa  khatartu inay heer culus kugu dhufan .

tusaale ahaan

miraha qaar waxa ay u baxaan mudo yar 

miraha qaarna waxa ku baxaan mudo dheer

midaaas oo kale waa in ay kala leeyihin jadwal beeritaan si uu qofka beerolayda ahi aysan iskaga khaldamin hadan ay leeyihin tixraac midka abuurid iyo midka goosasho ama guritaan .

6.2 isbadalka juqraafiyadeed ee beeraha - dabcan marki aan ka hadlayno  juqraafiyaga beeraha badanaa waxa mumiimada gaar ah uu siinaya halkee ayey  beertaadu dhacdaa ama ay ku talaa  waayo waxa uu xanbaarsan yahay mid ka mid ah xeeladaha  qarsoon kuwaas oo aysan inta badan beero layda aysan gar karin hadi ay noqon lahayd dhinaca ganacsiga iyo faa iidada juqraafiyeed iyo faa iidada wax beeritaan iyo kuwa kale oo badan.

7 Xeelada la qabsiga 

7.1 Hagaajinta taariikha beertaa -sidee ayaa loo hajaagiyaa taariikhda beerta , waa maxay muhiimada gaarka ah ay xanbaarsan tahay  ,goorma ayey ku haboontahay in bilaawo.

sidee loo hagaajiyaa taariikha beerta

hadi aan su aashan jawaabteeda eegno waxa ay noqonaysaa inaad beertaaada aad u sameyso tixraac  midkaas oo ka kooban qaybo kala duwan sida dhaqaalaha beerta., faa iiadada , khasaaaraha iyo wax yeelada  iyo wax soo sarka midkaas oo wax bixin ahaan u qoran  ama dukumanti ahaan u diyaarsato.  

maxay muhiimad gooni ah u leeyahay-waxa ay muhiimad gooni u leedahay lo socodka iyo dhaqdhaaqa iyo isbadalka hadba markaa imanaya ama jira 

goorma ayey ku haboon tahay in la bilaawo -dabcan markasta waad bilaawi karta kulama aad ogaato waa isla waqtigaa waa waqtiga  sax ah ee aad bilaawi karto.

sida oo kale waxa aad bilaabi karta xiliga aad mirraha  beerayso  waqtigaasna waa bilaawi karta si aad u ogaaato kharashka aad galisay iyo sida aad u bixisay dhaqalaha  iyo midkasta qayta  ku baxday hadi ay noqon lahayd  dhaqaalaha ku baxay soo iibsashada miraha , 

hadi ay noqon lahayd qalabka lagu beeraayo, hadi ay noqon lahayd kharashka  dhulka lagu hagaajiyey iyo dhamaan qaybaaha kale oo soo hoos gali kara  markaa ka dib xiliga marka uu dhamaado iyo wax soo sarka inaad si sahlan ku  ogaankarto sanadka dhaqaalaha kaa galay iyo waxaad heshay ma isku mid yimaa midkaase   badan  midkeese  yar

faa iido  miyaaan qaba   sanadka adiga dokumentiga bilowga aad diyaarisay. iyo qaab dhismedka aad diyaarisay  midkaas oo aad bilowgi ku howl gashay adiga oo raacaya qaab dhismeed dhaqalaha aad dajisatay waayo xeelaadaha dhaqaale wey faro badan yihin iyo farsamooyinka lugu isticmaaalo   

8. Saameynta gobolka ama midka degaanka.

8.1 Kulaylaha gobolka- waxa uu keeni karaa heerkul xad dhaaf ah midaas oo ay sababteenu iska leadahay isbadalka cimilada sida oo kale sameyn daran ku yeelan karta wax soo sarka inuu hoos u dhac balaaran ku yimado  cadaadiskaa faraha badan owgood

8.2 degaanka - degaanku saameyn noocee ah ayuu ku yeelan kara wax soo sarka beeraha hadi ay noqon lahayd cimilada ,carada iyo inta kale oo soo raacda 

Degaanku waxa uu qayb lixaad leh ka qaataa wax soo sarkaa beerta inkasta oo ay degaanadu wax soo sarkaa ku kala duwan yihin sida oo kale cimilo ahaan ku kala duwan yihin caro ahaan ba.

marka waxaan la tix galiyaa degaan iyo wax soo sarkisa hadba mesha uu dhaco ama ku yaal waayo muhiimad gooni ah ayey leedahay in la ogaado mesha uu deganka uu ku yaal  si ay u fududaato in taxliinin lagu sameyn karo  wax soo sarka iyo habsami u socodka degaaanka 

tusaale ahaaan 

degaanka dhacaa jooga hoose uu bada

degaaanka dhaca jooga sare ee bada 

deganada dhaca dhulbaraha 

degaanada ka fog dhulbaraha 

cimilo ahaan iyo caro ahaan wey kala duwan yihin  dhicana kale wax soosaarka wey u kala duwan yihin ..